1. | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS |
1.1. | The value market for electric vehicles EVs of all types |
1.2. | IDTechEx electric vehicles market forecasts 2015-2025 |
1.3. | Batteries and motors numbers 2015-2025 |
1.4. | League table of largest EV manufacturers |
1.5. | Market sectors and technology trends |
1.6. | Small and Medium Enterprises SME come to the fore |
1.7. | Numbers of manufacturers |
1.8. | Mark ups through the value chain |
1.9. | Electric "cars" - many very different types |
1.9.1. | Pure electric cars |
1.9.2. | Car-like vehicles not homologated as cars |
1.9.3. | Plug-in vehicle sales |
1.10. | Market by territory |
1.10.1. | Global |
1.10.2. | Europe |
1.10.3. | China |
1.10.4. | USA |
1.11. | Lessons from EV related events |
2. | INTRODUCTION |
2.1. | Definitions and scope of this report |
2.1.1. | Organisations involved in the EV industry value chain |
2.1.2. | Commonality |
2.1.3. | Key components and systems |
2.1.4. | Batteries |
2.1.5. | Efficiency |
2.2. | Hybrid electric vehicles |
2.2.1. | Here come range extenders |
2.2.2. | Structural components |
2.3. | Benefits |
2.3.1. | How green are electric vehicles really? |
2.3.2. | Contrast global automotive production 2012: major polluter |
3. | HEAVY INDUSTRIAL EVS |
3.1. | What is included |
3.2. | Challenges |
3.3. | Listing of manufacturers |
3.3.1. | Statistics for all types of industrial lift truck |
3.3.2. | Manufacturers of heavy industrial EVs |
3.4. | Survey of expected powertrains including EV options |
3.5. | Market size |
4. | LIGHT INDUSTRIAL, BUSES AND OTHER COMMERCIAL EVS |
4.1. | What is included |
4.1.1. | Large and diverse sector |
4.1.2. | Mainly on-road |
4.1.3. | Move to cities |
4.1.4. | Hybrid and pure electric trend |
4.1.5. | Sub categories |
4.2. | Buses |
4.2.1. | Vans, pick-up trucks and larger on-road trucks |
4.3. | Market drivers |
4.4. | Airport EVs: Ground Support Equipment GSE |
4.4.1. | Airbus signs MoU to develop airliner electric taxi system |
4.5. | Small people-movers |
4.6. | Light industrial aids |
4.7. | Listing of manufacturers |
5. | MOBILITY FOR THE DISABLED |
5.1. | Compelling and enduring need |
5.2. | The demographic time-bomb |
5.2.1. | Ageing population, obesity and the dependent elderly |
5.2.2. | Laws make mobility easier |
5.3. | Types of mobility vehicle |
5.3.2. | Interchina Industry Group China |
5.4. | Listing of manufacturers |
5.4.2. | Growth by creating new markets |
6. | TWO WHEELED EVS AND ALLIED VEHICLES |
6.1. | What is included |
6.1.1. | China - unprecedented growth of electric two wheelers |
6.1.2. | Other countries |
6.2. | Prices and performances compared |
6.2.2. | Hybrid motorcycles |
6.3. | Market drivers |
6.3.1. | Bicycles and electric bicycles |
6.3.2. | The big winners in western markets |
6.4. | Statistics for all bicycles |
6.5. | Listing of manufacturers |
6.5.1. | China |
6.6. | Forecasts |
7. | CAR-LIKE VEHICLES NOT HOMOLOGATED AS CARS: MICROEV, QUADRICYCLE, E TRIKE, NEV, GOLF CAR |
7.1. | Many names, common factors |
7.2. | Car-like vehicles that evade restrictions, taxes and other costs |
7.3. | Estrima Birò MicroEV Quadricycle removable battery |
7.4. | Philippines: big new commitments to e trikes |
7.5. | Listing of manufacturers beyond golf cars |
7.6. | Golf cars |
7.6.1. | What is included |
7.6.2. | Market drivers |
7.6.3. | Prices and profits |
7.6.4. | Listing of manufacturers |
7.6.5. | Forecasts |
8. | PURE ELECTRIC AND HYBRID CARS |
8.1. | The market for electric cars |
8.1.1. | Definitions |
8.1.2. | Cars as part of the big picture |
8.1.3. | Further details of e-car trends |
8.1.4. | League table of top 13 electric vehicle companies |
8.1.5. | Awkward tipping point |
8.1.6. | Forecasting challenges |
8.2. | Disruptive change and merging of all parts |
8.3. | Range extenders including fuel cells |
8.4. | Batteries |
8.5. | Electric motors |
8.6. | Power electronics |
8.6.1. | Increased performance and complexity |
8.7. | Supercapacitors: more than meets the eye |
8.7.1. | Across batteries in cars |
8.7.2. | Completely replacing batteries in hybrid cars |
8.7.3. | Across fuel cells in cars |
8.8. | Progress of Toyota and Tesla |
8.8.1. | Market and technology priorities |
8.8.2. | Toyota simplifies priorities and Tesla lands Gigafactory partnership |
9. | MILITARY |
9.1. | Examples of military EVs |
9.1.1. | Hummer USA / China |
9.1.2. | Quantum Technologies USA Aggressor AMV |
9.1.3. | US Army trucks etc - ZAP, Columbia ParCar USA |
9.1.4. | Oshkosh Truck Corp USA |
9.1.5. | Plug-in trucks - BAE Systems UK |
9.1.6. | Electric robot vehicles USA |
9.1.7. | UQM unmanned combat vehicle USA |
9.1.8. | Balqon Corporation |
9.2. | Electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) |
9.2.1. | Small electrical UAVs |
9.2.2. | SUAV batteries |
9.2.3. | The most successful electric UAV |
9.2.4. | Micro nano air vehicles |
9.2.5. | Large electrical UAVs |
9.2.6. | COM-BAT robot bat USA |
9.3. | Examples of military EVs - in the water |
9.3.1. | US Naval Undersea Warfare Center |
9.4. | Manufacturers of military EVs |
9.5. | Forecasts |
10. | MARINE |
10.1.1. | Hybrid and pure electric tugboats |
10.2. | Market segments |
10.2.1. | Total market |
10.2.2. | Underwater |
10.2.3. | On the water |
10.3. | Commonality with land EVs |
10.3.1. | Grants for land and water |
10.3.2. | Effect of land EV manufacturers entering marine |
10.4. | Market drivers |
10.4.1. | Pollution laws back electric boats - India, Europe, USA |
10.4.2. | Energy harvesting superyacht UK |
10.4.3. | Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) - Europe, USA |
10.5. | Manufacturers by country and product |
10.6. | Selling prices |
10.7. | Forecasts |
11. | AIRCRAFT, MOBILE ROBOTS AND OTHER EVS |
11.1. | Definition |
11.2. | Market drivers |
11.3. | Listing of other manufacturers by country and product |
11.4. | Market size and trends |
11.4.1. | Aircraft - Renault, Piccard |
11.4.2. | Solar Impulse |
11.4.3. | Non-military mobile robots - USA, UK, Japan |
11.4.4. | The Electrolux Automower Sweden |
11.4.5. | Rescue robots in Germany |
11.4.6. | Robots on Mars |
11.4.7. | Leisure on land |
11.4.8. | Research and hobbyist |
11.4.9. | Electric aircraft for civil use |
11.4.10. | Robotic lawn mowers |
11.5. | Forecasts |
| IDTECHEX RESEARCH REPORTS AND CONSULTANCY |
| TABLES |
1.1. | Forecast assumptions and market drivers by category of hybrid and pure electric EV 2015-2025 |
1.2. | Numbers of electric vehicles, in thousands, sold globally, 2015-2025, by applicational sector |
1.3. | Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2015-2025, by applicational sector, rounded |
1.4. | Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2015-2025, by applicational sector, rounded |
1.5. | Electric motor-generator sets and traction motors alone when they also act as generators market value $ billion paid by vehicle manufacturer 2014-2025 |
1.6. | EV profitability by sector |
1.7. | Top 13 manufacturers of electric vehicles in 2014 showing rounded gross sales value of EVs ex factory by segment, % market share and trend of position. For 2013, first division in red, second division in blue and third division in |
1.8. | Approximate number of manufacturers of electric vehicles worldwide in 2014 by application with numbers for China |
1.9. | Main market drivers |
1.10. | Monthly US electric vehicle sales for January to October2013 according to trade association EDTA |
1.11. | The value of the electric vehicle market by territory East Asia, Europe, North America, Other 2015 and 2025 percentage |
1.12. | NEV output in China for 2011 and 2012 including exports |
2.1. | 143 manufacturers and putative manufacturers of lithium-based rechargeable batteries with country, cathode and anode chemistry, electrolyte morphology, case type, applicational priorities and customer relationships, if any, in sel |
2.2. | Energy, number of riders and energy per 100 kilometers per person for different on-road travel options |
2.3. | Global automotive production by country 2013 |
3.1. | 27 examples of manufacturers of heavy industrial EVs by country |
3.2. | Percentage split of global manufacture of heavy industrial trucks |
4.1. | 150 manufacturers of light industrial and commercial EVs and drive trains by country and examples of their products |
5.1. | Statistics relevant to the challenge to society caused by ageing population |
5.2. | Features of mobility vehicles that may hold up the price by offering more in future |
5.3. | The percentage distribution of manufacture between Taiwan and Mainland China by value of vehicles for the disabled 2005, 2010 and 2015 |
5.4. | 83 examples of manufacturers of EVs for the disabled by country |
6.1. | Prices and performance of electric two wheelers |
6.2. | 105 examples of manufacturers of electric motorcycles, two wheel EVs and electric quad bikes |
6.3. | Largest suppliers of electric bicycles by number (not in order) |
6.4. | 34 sources of two wheelers in China by brand, region and battery chemistry |
6.5. | Listing of light electric scooter makers in China. Most use lead-acid battery chemistry but there is a move to lithium-ion batteries |
7.1. | 85 examples of car and microEV manufacturers beyond golf car, by country |
7.2. | 19 examples of golf EV manufacturers |
8.1. | The top electric vehicles manufacturers by ex factory gross sales value taken from the IDTechEx Electric Vehicle Market Portal (figures in US$ billion 2014) |
8.2. | Battery collaborations of selected companies |
8.3. | Examples of traditional limitations and market trends by type of basic design of traction motor Those used mainly on large vehicles but are also seen in cars shown in green. Those on smaller vehicles and high performance vehicles |
9.1. | Data for RQ-11A version of AeroVironment Raven |
9.2. | 27 suppliers of military EVs |
10.1. | 44 examples of manufacturers of EV electric water craft |
10.2. | Leading manufacturers of remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicles for sale |
10.3. | Indicative prices for marine EVs in 2013 |
11.1. | 36 examples of manufacturers of mobile robots, toy, leisure, research or hobbyist EVs by country and product |
| FIGURES |
1.1. | Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2015-2025, by applicational sector |
1.2. | Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2015-2025, by applicational sector, rounded |
1.3. | Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2015-2025 by applicational sector, rounded |
1.4. | Ex-factory value of EVs, in 2015, percentage by applicational sector |
1.5. | Ex-factory value of EVs, in 2025, percentage by applicational sector |
1.6. | Electric motor-generator sets and traction motors alone when they also act as generators market value $ billion paid by vehicle manufacturer 2014-2025 |
1.7. | Basic schematic of pure EV power train |
1.8. | Size of vehicle, broadly indicated by price and battery kWh, related to when up-front cost becomes competitive with a conventional version |
1.9. | SMEs have more opportunity |
1.10. | The various types of car, the precise definitions, regulations and user preferences varying greatly between countries |
1.11. | kWh per passenger for conventional or electric on-road vehicles related to type of vehicle and showing cars to be uniquely inefficient |
1.12. | The Daimler Smart, left, is a mainstream car subject to tax, insurance, crash tests etc whereas the G-Whiz from India, right, is registered as a quadricycle and was the best-selling pure electric car in the UK for ten years with s |
1.13. | Renault Twizy quadricycle which is selling over ten thousand within two years from launch. The standard model has no windows |
1.14. | Chinese micro-EV cars in China. Most of them have three wheels |
1.15. | Cumulative and monthly plug-in on-road vehicle sales in the USA through 2013 according to trade association EDTA |
1.16. | The tiny sales of pure electric on-road vehicle sales in Europe showing carrier goods EVs/ light industrial and commercial vehicles outselling pure electric passenger EVs, according to trade association AVERE |
1.17. | Adoption of different car power trains past and present |
1.18. | Distribution of electric vehicles in circulation according to model to end of 2012 |
1.19. | Number of electric 4-wheelers in Europe |
1.20. | Number of electric 2-wheelers in Europe |
1.21. | Unit sales in China 2008-2012: total autos, total passenger cars and buses and BEV and HEV/PHEV |
1.22. | Monthly new PHEV and AEV sales by model to August 2014 |
1.23. | Yearly new HEV sales by model to August 2014 |
1.24. | Electric Drive Vehicle Share of new vehicle sales to August 2014 |
1.25. | Monthly new EDV sales and gasoline prices to December 2014 |
1.26. | Brammo high performance motorbike |
1.27. | Apple-like innovation for the disabled- Omnichair |
1.28. | Mining vehicles for open mines (over 90% of all mines) will no longer have 2-3 MW diesel mega-trucks climbing the sides but electric mega-trucks at top and bottom |
1.29. | New vehicles with asynchronous traction motors |
1.30. | Electric cars are mainly series parallel hybrid today with two motors but otherwise very different, this Mitsubishi being very different in all other respects from market leader the Toyota Prius |
1.31. | Work on using pure electric and plug in hybrid small vehicles as farming power supplies |
1.32. | GaN inverter and components for EVs exhibited in Osaka Japan by GaN Systems of Canada September2014 |
1.33. | BMW i8 hybrid car with three-cylinder range extender and gull wing doors launched 2013, deliveries 2015 |
1.34. | The dream of photovoltaics in fields and Building Integrated Photovoltaics BIPV powering EVs |
2.1. | Electric vehicle value chain |
2.2. | Energy per 100 kilometers per person for different on-road travel options |
2.3. | Carbon Intensity CO2 kg/kWh and % Fossil fuel in power sector |
2.4. | LCA greenhouse emissions of a compact car with different drive trains |
2.5. | Carbon emissions, in grams CO2 per km, of a selection of cars for sale in the UK |
3.1. | Caterpillar CAT series hybrid diesel electric bulldozer |
3.2. | Mitsubishi diesel electric hybrid lifter |
3.3. | Top 20 industrial lift truck suppliers in 2013 |
3.4. | Lift truck market demand in 2013 |
3.5. | World industrial truck statistics/orders and shipments |
3.6. | Survey of expected powertrains |
4.1. | Increase in urban delivery 2010-2025 |
4.2. | Electric bus in Nepal |
4.3. | Mobile electric scissor lift by Wuhan Chancay Machinery and Electronics |
4.4. | Garbage collecting electric car |
5.1. | Percentage of dependent elderly 1970 to 2040 |
5.2. | New Pihsiang Shoprider pure electric mobility vehicle for the disabled |
5.3. | The Electric Car (INEC-KARO) for the disabled from Interchina Industry Group |
6.1. | Gasoline two wheelers G2W and electric two wheelers E2W sales compared to passenger vehicles 1991-2006 in China |
6.2. | Suzuki Burgman Fuel Cell Scooter powered by Intelligent Energy |
6.3. | e-bikes parked in Yangzhou China |
6.4. | Electric mopeds parked in Cheghdu China |
6.5. | World bicycle and automoblie production, 1950-2007 |
7.1. | IMAs "Colibri" Micro EV presented at the Geneva Motorshow |
7.2. | Car-like vehicles not homologated as cars, in the context of two wheelers and Europe. Love them or hate them? |
7.3. | The Daimler Smart, left, is a mainstream car subject to tax, insurance, crash tests etc whereas the G-Whiz from India, right, is registered as a quadricycle and was the best-selling pure electric car in the UK for ten years with s |
7.4. | Renault Twizy quadricycle which is selling over ten thousand within two years from launch. The standard model has no windows |
7.5. | Chinese micro-EV cars in China. Most of them have three wheels |
7.6. | Estrima Birò microEV and battery removal |
7.7. | E-trikes |
8.1. | Homologated on-road electric cars at the awkward tipping point between pure electric and hybrid vehicles of other types |
8.2. | Primary electric traction motor criteria by type of hybrid or pure electric vehicle showing cars needing to be "all things to all men". |
8.3. | Technology: everything will change disruptively |
8.4. | Load-bearing supercapacitors as structural components. Top left: Volvo experimental car trunk lid that is a supercapacitor. Top right: Partner Imperial College London's supercapacitor textile being developed for load bearing compo |
8.5. | Example of integrated components coming in |
8.6. | Examples of 2015 hybrid cars |
8.7. | Mazda pure electric car in production with supercapacitor across battery (vertical device by nearside front wheel) |
8.8. | Toyota supercapacitor-only concept car and precedents |
9.1. | Oshkosh truck |
9.2. | Balqon Mule M150 |
9.3. | SPI electrical SUAV |
9.4. | Examples of SUAV rechargeable lithium batteries. Top: Flight Power "EVO 20" Lithium Polymer battery. Bottom: Sion Power lithium sulfur |
9.5. | AeroVironment Raven |
9.6. | AeroVironment Aqua Puma UAV completes Royal Australian Navy Sea trials in 2007 |
9.7. | AeroVironment Helios |
9.8. | Aurora Flight Sciences solar plane that takes off in parts and self-assembles at altitude |
9.9. | COM-BAT |
9.10. | Robotic Bat |
9.11. | Large autonomous robot jellyfish |
10.1. | Hybrid tugboat |
10.2. | Engine room of the hybrid tugboat |
10.3. | Bratt electric tugboat |
10.4. | Electric deck boat by Leisure Life |
10.5. | Electric launch |
10.6. | Solar powered boats for tourism cruising at 12 kph on Lake Geneva |
10.7. | The rigid-wing superyacht concept called 'Soliloquy' |
11.1. | "Zep'lin"s |
11.2. | "Zep'lin" photovoltaic sail adjustment |
11.3. | Solar Impulse |
11.4. | The Electrolux Automower |
11.5. | Robots for Mars |
11.6. | LawnBott |